•  
• ID-ing by Family Patterns
• Using Manuals
• Collecting Ethics
• Endangered and Protected Species

• Do we need "plant zoos"??  http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/2002/01/shields.htm 

• http://www.winghavengardens.com/
• RibbonWalk http://hometown.aol.com/deritareporter/myhomepage/favorite.html  
• http://www.stowegarden.org/ 
• Callaway
• American Hort. Soc.
• Kew
• Agricultural Extension sites:
  •  North Carolina, 
  • Klempsin
• more:  http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/collections/otherbot.html#gardherb 
• The US National Arboretum: Gardening http://www.usna.usda.gov/Gardens/gardeningr.html
• Links to useful and practical gardening info: http://www.npr.org/programs/talkingplants/why/links.html 
• buying plants and horticultural supplies 
  • http://www.plantfind.com 
  • http://shootingstarnursery.com/
•  

Papers for Posters

• news: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2906215.stm lignin, the biomolecule found in the walls of woody cells, has been identified in fossils which are 400 million years old, showing us that trees evolved at least 400 millions years ago.  The oldest fossils of land plants are

Introduction to Classification          TAX #1: INTRO BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION          

• The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
  • http://www.bgbm.org/iapt/nomenclature/code/SaintLouis/0001ICSLContents.htm
  • old version (selected sections)
    • http://www.bgbm.fu-berlin.de/iapt/nomenclature/code/tokyo-e/Art_03.htm.
    •  http://www.bgbm.fu-berlin.de/iapt/nomenclature/code/tokyo-e/Art_04.htm
    • http://www.bgbm.fu-berlin.de/iapt/nomenclature/code/tokyo-e/Art_16.htm
• Historical Perspectives
  • herbals http://ridgwaydb.mobot.org/mobot/rarebooks/title.asp?relation=QK99A1K6318831914
  • Linnaeus http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/linnaeus.html
  • Darwin http://campus.queens.edu/faculty/jannr/darwin.htm
  • Darwin's Origin of Species (1859) http://www.literature.org/authors/darwin-charles/the-origin-of-the-species/     

• DEEP GREEN PROJECT 
  • http://www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/083199sci-evolution-species.html. and these related charts of the tree of life: charts of old & new classifications http://www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/083199sci-evolution-species.1.GIF.html 
  •   http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/bryolab/GPphylo/ 
  •  http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/285/5430/990
  • http://www.systass.org/meetings/phylocode-debate.html 
•  
• FOR REFERENCE 
  • http://www.huntington.org/BotanicalDiv/Timeline.html Plant trivia timeline
  • http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/phylogeny.html Tree of Life Project
  • Fossil Record chart with clickable details

  • Phylogenetic Software in Python 
    http://www.nhm.ac.uk/zoology/external/p4.htm

  • systematics of vascular families http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/pfamilies.htm 
    
    
    

 LINKS for TAXONOMY #3

old & new classification charts

• http://www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/083199sci-evolution-species.1.GIF.html
• explanation http://www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/083199sci-evolution-species.html

detailed charts

• http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/alllife/threedomains.html
• http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/alllife/eukaryotasy.html
• Tree of Life:  http://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html   http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Life_on_Earth&contgroup= 
• http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/tol/ (new 2003)
• database of phylogenetic information   http://herbaria.harvard.edu/treebase/search.html technical
• http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/ technical

cladograms, etc.

• for a polio outbreak http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/296/5566/356/F3 
• Cladistics     http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/clad/clad1.html
  • introduction to Phylogenetic Systematics
  • glossary for  terminology  http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss1phylo.html
• History and Background for classification
  • International Code for Botanical Nomenclature: http://www.bgbm.org/iapt/nomenclature/code/SaintLouis/0001ICSLContents.htm
  • update on phylocode revisionists (2001) http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/291/5512/2304 
  • http://www.ohiou.edu/phylocode/
  • Plant Trivia Timeline:  http://www.huntington.org/BotanicalDiv/Timeline.html
  • http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/Wilson/tfp/ham/historyf99.htm
  • Classification review with photos from Ohio State: http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs300/classif.htm
  • Old Herbals  http://ridgwaydb.mobot.org/mobot/rarebooks/   and   http://info.med.yale.edu/library/historical/fuchs/
  • newer alternative phylocode http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/ 
  • Linnaeus http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/linnaeus.html
  • Hooker http://www.jdhooker.org.uk/
  • A history of floras http://www.inform.umd.edu/PBIO/usda/fnach7.html 
  • Tree of Life Project: http://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html
  • Plant Trivia Timeline: http://www.huntington.org/BotanicalDiv/Timeline.html
  • Botanical history http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/Wilson/tfp/ham/historyf99.htm

Angiosperm-Origin    Taxonomy #5

• new lab http://bio.rutgers.edu/~gb101/lab7_p_evol/p_evol_web/index7.html
• Origins of Angiosperms: woody magnoliid or paleoherb hypothesis http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anthophyta/anthophytafr.html
• Zanis, M. J., D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis, S. Mathews, and M. J. Donoghue. 2002. The root of the angiosperms revisited. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 99:6848-6853. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/99/10/6848
  • three hypotheses:  http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/99/10/6848/F1  & also http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content-nw/full/99/10/6848/F2  & http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/99/10/6848/F4  (all cladograms)

• Click on the "paleoherb link" and read what it says there (required) (http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anthophyta/paleoherbs/paleoherbs.html )
• But (optional) click here to see how inconsistent they are http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anthophyta/anthophytasy.html 
• and (optional) compare these:  http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Angiosperms&contgroup=Spermatopsida  & http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Euangiosperms&contgroup=Angiosperms
• Time-calibrated phylogeny ("chronogram") of land plants http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/88/8/1499/F2
• Other versions
  • http://www.plantsystematics.org/javatree.htm 
  • systematics of vascular families http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/pfamilies.htm 
• Nuphar (Paleoherb) http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2002-01/nsf-wlm012902.php
• Amborella (woody Magnoliid)
  • fruit photo:  http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/newcaledonia/image/1643_30.jpg
  • shrub & flower photos:  http://www.ucsc.edu/currents/99-00/08-30/amborella.htm
                 (click for more under the photo)
  • technical description http://www.keil.ukans.edu/delta/angio/www/amborell.htm
  • ("Woody Magnoliid Hypothesis") : http://www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/102999sci-flower-evolution.html http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/286/5441/947  
  •  http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/97/24/13166/F3
  •  http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/press/01/pr0109.htm
• giant tree ferns http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2001-04/SU-Ofpc-0104101.php
• early fossil flowers  http://www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/122199sci-archaeo-flowers.html
• fossil ancestors Archaefructaceae, a New (2002) Basal Angiosperm Family
  • http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A24497-2002May2.html 
  • http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol296/issue5569/cover.shtml & http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/296/5569/821a  & http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/296/5569/899 & http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/296/5569/899/F1 (cladogram)

  •  Archaefructus - angiosperm precursor or specialized early angiosperm?
    Else Marie Friis, James A. Doyle, Peter K. Endress and Qin Leng
    Trends in Plant Science, ( July 25, 2003 ), 10.1016/S1360-1385(03)00161-4
    http://reviews.bmn.com/browse/areas/record?tocname=Plant+Science&pii=S1360138503001614

  •  
• newer phylogenies
  •  
    Douglas E. Soltis, Anne E. Senters, Michael J. Zanis, Sangtae Kim, James D. Thompson, Pamela S. Soltis, Louis P. Ronse de Craene, Peter K. Endress, and James S. Farris.2003. 
  Gunnerales are sister to other core eudicots: implications for the evolution of pentamery
  Am. J. Bot. 2003; 90: 461 (  March 2003 www.amjbot.org )

   Angiosperm phylogeny based on <011>matK sequence information  Khidir W. Hilu, Thomas Borsch³, Kai Müller³, Douglas E. Soltis⁴, Pamela S. Soltis⁵, Vincent Savolainen⁶, Mark W. Chase⁶, Martyn P. Powell⁶, Lawrence A. Alice⁷, Rodger Evans⁸, Hervé Sauquet⁹, Christoph Neinhuis¹⁰, Tracey A. B. Slotta², Jens G. Rohwer¹¹, Christopher S. Campbell¹² and Lars W. Chatrou¹³
  "The rapidly evolving matK gene ... is 1600 base pairs (bp) in most angiosperms, located within the trnK intron, and functionally may be involved in splicing group II introns coding for tRNALys (UUU;….  American Journal of Botany. 2003;90:1758-1776.)
  © 2003 [december] 

  • fossil ancestors?  http://amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/11/1563      
    • interpretation: http://helix.nature.com/nsu/991209/991209-8.html.
  • The abominable mystery commentary on new research (linked) from China on early angiosperms.(advanced article from SCIENCE magazine; use library terminals or get the print version in 27 Nov 98 issue)
  • Enhanced: How Old Is the Flower and the Fly? (advanced article from SCIENCE magazine; use library terminals) or read a summary of   the mystery of the origin of angiosperms. 
  • How old are angiosperms? http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/88/8/1499 (2001)
  • Also, wouldn't you like to read about their coevolution with beetles.
  •  

    Tree of life http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/tol/ (includes links to special issue) http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/300/5626/1692/F4

    http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/300/5626/1692/F5

    Plants Find Their Places on the Tree of Life  http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/300/5626/1696      http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/TreeofLife/hyperbolic.php

     

    Is diploidy really better?  http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/299/5606/524

    •  

      And who knows what's in press as you study this? 

     

     

    FOSSILS

    • Fossil Record chart with clickable details: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/plants/plantaefr.html
    • --fun chart--
    • Geological Periods, etc.
    • new pie history of earth http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/289/5485/1703/F1 
    • Plant Fossil Record Database  http://ibs.uel.ac.uk/palaeo/pfr2/pfr.htm
    • Pangaea, crayon pictures of continental drift: http://wwwshs1.bham.wednet.edu/curric/science/geophys/james/pan2.HTM
    • Fossil fern found in North Carolina http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/88/9/1558

       

    Plant Evolution

    • on-line "textbooks" on evolution: http://www.iup.edu/~rgendron/bi112-a.htmlx  
    • new empirical evidence for selection http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/287/5451/306
    • http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-intro-to-biology.html
    • Darwin's Origin of Species (1859) [http://www.literature.org/authors/darwin-charles/the-origin-of-the-species/]
    • More about Darwin http://campus.queens.edu/faculty/jannr/darwin.htm
    • Evolution of the grasses http://www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/content/full/125/3/1198 

    •  

    RECENT RESEARCH ON NATURAL SELECTION

    • new empirical evidence for natural selection http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/287/5451/306
    • speed of evolution
      • http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/287/5451/308
        • easy version?  http://www.eurekalert.org/releases/uwsh-rsc011000.html
      • another speed thing: http://www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/health/012100hth-sex-sperm.html
    • commentary on some of the above: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/287/5451/207a
    • fossils: 
      • flowers  http://www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/122199sci-archaeo-flowers.html
      • more  http://www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/archeology-index.html
    • mitochondrial DNA http://www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/012500sci-mitochondrial-dna.html
    • smallest life forms? nanobes: http://www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/011800sci-space-nanobes.html

     

    Angiosperm Families (for Lab 10 +) Flowering Plant Gateway:   direct access to internet data for families and Classification Systems Texas A&M.   lots of photos arranged by family. fast http://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/image/imagefr.html  Details, poems, line drawings http://biodiversity.uno.edu/delta/angio/index.htm  http://www.life.uiuc.edu/plantbio/digitalflowers  Flora of North America http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/Flora/flora.pl?FLORA_ID=12395  Colby College family characteristics (descriptions and photos. slow to load) and            Computerized Key to Identify Family systematics of vascular families http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/pfamilies.htm  also see Flora below   FLORAS & OTHER I.D. TOOLS                                                             Go back to top http://plants.usda.gov/ (Good place to start; links to other sources) MEKA keys http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/meacham/meka/  ACTKEY http://flora.huh.harvard.edu:8080/actkey/actkey.jsp?setId=100  other non-dichotomous keys http://flora.huh.harvard.edu:8080/actkey/index.jsp  http://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/image/imagefr.html  Texas A&M.   lots of photos arranged by family. fast Eastern Wildflowers for checking IDs http://www.nearctica.com/flowers/index.htm Chicago area virtual herbarium www.vplant.org Wisconsin Herbarium http://wiscinfo.doit.wisc.edu/herbarium/index.html lots of photos. Michigan Herbarium http://herbarium.lsa.umich.edu/index2.html  Flora of North America (very incomplete)  http://flora.huh.harvard.edu:8080/flora/flora_page.jsp?flora_id=1 http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/epic/ Integrated Taxonomic Information System  (enter name) http://www.eti.uva.nl/Database/WBD.html (European species especially) California Flora DataBase     lots of info, some photographs  also http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/calflora/index.html  A Manual of California Vegetation   look up name; link to other stuff. "floridata" http://www.floridata.com/lists/contents.cfm look up by name Rutgers weed guide http://www.rce.rutgers.edu/weeds/index.html Southern Wetlands Plants:  Identification Key  Global Plant & Pest Information System Parasitic Plants ID search http://plantfacts.ohio-state.edu/ Links  http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/collections/otherbotflora.html  LINKS to more on-line FLORAS more links:  http://www.keil.ukans.edu/cgi-bin/hl?botany     TREE Leaf and twig keys http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/idit.htm  What Tree? for amateurs, but if it works.... other tree keys http://www.treeguide.com/nn/Families.asp?Region=NorthAmerican  Connecticut http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/keys/trees/treekey01.html        Minnesota http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/naturalresources/components/DD6593-c.html      Iowa http://www.exnet.iastate.edu/Pages/tree/key.html   U of Delaware. ID pines, oaks. photos & details on trees and shrubs. leaf key http://www.fw.vt.edu/dendro/forsite/key/intro.htm tree fruit key http://www.oplin.lib.oh.us/products/tree/fruit/byfruit.html Tree photos to confirm ID:  http://woodyplants.nres.uiuc.edu/ http://willow.ncfes.umn.edu/silvics_manual/Table_of_contents.htm everything anybody wanted to know about trees http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/table_of_contents.htm  other tree e-publications:   http://www.cnr.vt.edu/DENDRO/dendrology/links.htm  http://willow.ncfes.umn.edu/fth_pubs/misc.htm          http://willow.ncfes.umn.edu/pubs/misc/ir/ir.htm    http://www.treeguide.com/      PHOTOS, etc. U of Wisconsin  Virtual Foliage Home Page.    Plant Image Gallery http://www.plant-pictures.com/ photos + other info http://www.noble.org/imagegallery/  plant photos http://www.wellesley.edu/Activities/homepage/web/directory.html Australian Images http://155.187.10.12/anbg/photo.html NeoFlora http://www.neoflora.com/ database >38,000 plants; primarily for gardeners rather than botanists http://www.google.com/imghp?hl=en   (note that this site may retrieve from non-authoritative sources, so that IDs could be incorrect)   ATLASES, INDICES, CHECKLISTS, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, etc. The Gray Card index http://www.herbaria.harvard.edu/Data/Gray/gray.html use for looking up names and history or the names (no pictures or plant descriptions) www.ipni.org The International Plant Names Index (IPNI) is a database of the names and associated basic bibliographical (print references) details of all seed plants. checklist of synonyms and distribution maps http://www.mip.berkeley.edu/bonap/checklist_intro.html  Pennsylvania project:   Endangered Species and PA Conservation status, US Fish and Wildlife Wetland Code http://www.mip.berkeley.edu/meka/meka.html   (download [$$] ID program for making keys) South Carolina Plant Atlas (update of RAB maps, etc.)  Other atlases:  On-line Flora of New England    Atlas of Tennessee Vascular Plants autecology of many, many species:  http://www.atkinsonm.demon.co.uk/autecol/ The most comprehensive URL search engine for plant related web sites available. a bibliography of all the manuals in print A history of floras http://www.inform.umd.edu/PBIO/usda/fnach7.html      extinction problem.  The latest research, published 1 November 2002,   ( http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/298/5595/989 , also see http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/em/fr/-/1/hi/sci/tech/2385591.stm   , http://www.nature.com/nsu/021028/021028-11.html     Endangered Plants List List for North Carolina:  http://NCNatural.com/wildflwr/endangrd.html  Threatened Plants of the World Endangered Species (Congressional Research Svc.) Endangered Species List Revisions Everything the federal government knows about endangered species Pennsylvania project:   Endangered Species and PA Conservation status, US Fish and Wildlife Wetland Codes Center for Biodiversity:  http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/cbd/main/cbd_home.html More info about endangered plants:  textbook excerpt or Links to more webpages Invasive weed information  + INVADERS Database:  http://invader.dbs.umt.edu/  Schweinitz' sunflower http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/faculty/barden/ec/fig/sunflowers.htm kudzu http://www.alabamatv.org/kudzu/  Also check Queens Biodiversity Links

    Herbarium info           Go to Tax #4:  Herbarium Crafts Label form download      http://campus.queens.edu/faculty/jannr/botany/misc/LABLherb.doc MANUALS (FLORA) on line famous herbaria: http://www.nybg.org/bsci/herb/   news story about it http://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/15/nyregion/15BOTA.html   http://www.huh.harvard.edu/collections/whatis.html  http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/  http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/collections/herbcol.html & http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/epic/ U of Florida--   Database of taxonomists:  http://www.eti.uva.nl/database/WTD.html  links to more http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/collections/otherbotherb.html  all of them http://www.nybg.org/bsci/ih/ih.html  National Park Service Research and Collecting Permits: http://science.nature.nps.gov/research ] Field equipment list: http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/library/Fieldtechbook/packing.html HERBARIUM SUPPLIES catalog   www.pacific-papers.com endangered species http://campus.queens.edu/faculty/jannr/botany/taxonomy.htm#endangered how to mount specimens   http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/library/Fieldtechbook/pressing.html (page down) how to do labels: http://www.nybg.org/bsci/herbarium_imaging/specimen_explained.html. (click on label) Examples Linnaeus: http://linnaeus.nrm.se/botany/fbo/a/avena/avenspi.html.en Asa Gray http://image.nybg.org/herbim/0350/v-35-00022794big.jpg try later Radford http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/collectors/radford.htm   Ahles http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/collectors/ahles.htm  Bell http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/collectors/bell.htm http://www.nybg.org/bsci/herbarium_imaging/sample_images.html (click on them to see details) more http://www.nybg.org/bsci/herbarium_imaging/imaginglinks.html Label form download   http://campus.queens.edu/faculty/jannr/botany/misc/LABLherb.doc Details about these crafts: http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/courses/chpt18.html  http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/courses/chpt31.html  http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/library/Fieldtechbook/packing.html http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/library/Fieldtechbook/drying.html 100 uses for a herbarium http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/~kenr/ASPT/100uses.html   Professional Career Possibilities Plant Detective http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/agcomm/writing/2001/herbarium.htm  ethnobotanist:  "As a result of this study, the first ethnobotanical collection from Montserrat was assembled. Study materials were placed in plant presses and dried with the aid of a propane gas oven. Voucher specimens were deposited in the herbarium of the Southern Illinois University Department of Botany and the herbarium of the Montserrat National Trust Museum. Some duplicate specimens were sent to the National Tropical Botanical Garden Herbarium in Hawaii, the Missouri Botanical Garden Herbarium, the U.S. National Herbarium at the Smithsonian Institution, the Gray Herbarium at Harvard University, the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, and the Stover Herbarium of the Eastern Illinois University Department of Botany." from Potions, Poisons, and Panaceas : An Ethnobotanical Study of Montserrat Floras                                                                               Go back to top

    Nomenclature & Pronunciation   Go to    taxonomy #2_           Go back to top   The Code: http://www.bgbm.org/iapt/nomenclature/code/SaintLouis/0001ICSLContents.htm Tutorial on The Code, including explanations of "types" and "-onyms": http://fp.bio.utk.edu/mycology/Nomenclature/nom-index.htm International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (old version) new changes in International  Code of Zoological Nomenclature:            http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/287/5450/26a  Dictionary of Botanical Epithets (that's names) http://www.winternet.com/~chuckg/dictionary/dictionary.90.html Meanings for Tree names http://www.cnr.vt.edu/DENDRO/dendrology/syllabus/meanings.htm  strange names:    http://home.earthlink.net/~misaak/taxonomy.html  (Yanega also has a page, which has moved somewhere) Database of taxonomists:  http://www.eti.uva.nl/database/WTD.html  The Gray Card index http://www.herbaria.harvard.edu/Data/Gray/gray.html use for looking up names and history you can see the actual herbarium specimens, including holotypes and isotypes at many herbarium websites above   Pronunciation:  http://www.saltspring.com/capewest/pron.htm    Extra insight.  Zoological taxonomy is similar   "On Discovering a Butterfly" I found it and named it, being versed in taxonomic Latin; thus became godfather to an insect and its first describer -- and I want no other fame. Wide open on its pin (though fast asleep), and safe from creeping relatives and rust, in the secluded stronghold where we keep type specimens it will transcend its dust. Dark pictures, thrones, the stones that pilgrims kiss, poems that take a thousand years to die but ape the immortality of this red label on a little butterfly. This poem was written by Vladimir Nabokov and can be found in a biography, Nabokov's Blues.  Nabokov was a literature professor and writer (Lolita) who on the side published about a dozen professional articles on butterfly taxonomy. One of the biographers here is also a butterfly taxonomist. I think this book gives terrific insight into the taxonomic mentality.  You can read the first  chapter at  http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/j/johnson-blues.html or the entire book from the library (Queens and public) from a review of http://www.home.earthlink.net/~misaak/taxonomy.html "What do the Roman emperor Caligula, cartoonist Gary Larson, and tennis player Boris Becker have in common? All have species named for them. Curiosities of Biological Nomenclature, created by biologist and computer scientist Mark Isaak, unravels the etymology of hundreds of clever, silly, and weird scientific handles. For example, the creature that carries Larson's name is a louse, Strigiphilus garylarsoni, that nestles among an owl's feathers. There are trilobites that commemorate Mick Jagger, Paul McCartney, and all four members of the punk band the Ramones: Mackenziurus johnnyi, M. joeyi, M. deedeei, and M. ceejayi. Groan-inspiring puns like Phthiria relativitae (a fly whose name sounds like "theory of relativity") and Ytu brutus (a beetle) suggest that some taxonomists might be drinking out of the specimen bottles. Sometimes a scientific name even reveals juicy personal details. The British adventurer and ornithologist Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen bestowed some variant of "Theresa" on more than a dozen species or subspecies of birds to honor "a close 'confidante' 33 years younger than himself," Isaak notes. http://www.home.earthlink.net/~misaak/taxonomy.html

    Papers for projects

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      Chara, the latest: 

      http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/294/5550/2351

       

    • Amazing diversity of fungi in plant roots: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/295/5562/2051 
    • fossil seedfern:  http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/88/5/767 
    • What limits the size of plants? http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/041590298v1 (help at http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/March01/FourthDim.bpf.html) 
    • fossil moss:  http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/88/3/462 
    • Architectural design for asexual reproduction? Biomechanics and anatomy of cladode junctions for two Opuntia (Cactaceae) species and their hybrid http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/88/3/391 
    • Research involving endangered species: What data determine whether a plant taxon is
      distinct enough to merit legal protection? A case study of Sedum integrifolium (Crassulaceae) http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/88/3/401 
    • Latest [2002] on xylem cladistics http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/89/2/185
    • Fossil fern found in North Carolina http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/88/9/1558 (2001)
    • Sherwin Carlquist and Edward L. Schneider.  2001.  Vessels in ferns: structural, ecological, and evolutionary significance.  Am. J. Bot. 88:1-13.  http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/88/1/1 
    • Jennifer Walker-Larsen and Lawrence D. Harder.  2000. The evolution of staminodes in angiosperms: patterns of stamen reduction, loss, and functional re-invention. 
      Am. J. Bot. 87:1367-1384. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/87/10/1367  
    • J. S. Miller and D. L. Venable.  2000.Polyploidy and the Evolution of Gender Dimorphism in Plants.  Science 289: 2335-2338. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/289/5488/2335 
    • Meredith Blackwell.  2000. Terrestrial Life--Fungal from the Start? Science 289: 1884-1885.  http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/289/5486/1884 
    • http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/86/9/1301 Circumscription and phylogeny of the Laurales: evidence from molecular and morphological data
    • http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/85/9/1273 Two new fossil flowers of magnoliid affinity from the Late Cretaceous of New Jersey by William L. Crepet  and Kevin C. Nixona
    • http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/86/2/153 cell division in Chara, Spirogyra and other evolutionarily-important plants.
    • http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/86/11/1544 Auxin synthesis in liverworts, Chara, tracheophytes, and other evolutionarily-important plants.
    •   http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/86/2/225 Cladistic analysis based on orchid morphology
    •   http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/86/2/208 Phylogenetic analysis based on orchid nucleotide sequences