BIOLOGY 204
      SURVEY of KINGDOMS & DIVISIONS

 
SURVEY of Kingdoms and Divisions

Our missing student, Jonathon		 botanists3.gif (999164 bytes)botanists1.gif (999482 bytes)botanists2.gif (1060704 bytes)
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                                    us

Fungi       
Go to Lab 5.      Slime molds are not fungi

Answers to lab quiz: 1. eukaryotic heterotrophic, sometimes unicellular but usually multicellular, neither plants nor animals
2. a. hypha= a filament/mycelium= a bunch of hyphae /fruiting body = a fleshy, above-ground mycelium (ascocarp with asci or basidiocarp with basidia when mature) /rhizoid= a root-like hypha
b. chitin in fungi /cellulose in plants. both are cell wall polysaccharides.
c. starch in plants /glycogen in fungi and animals. both are storage polysaccharides.
d. mitosis/meiosis See Lab 5 Background info #1           
e. gametangium contains gametes /sporangium contains spores
f. syngamy see Lab 5 /karyogamy= last phase of syngamy in fungi /plasmogamy = first phase of syngamy
g. haploid/diploid/dikaryotic 1n/2n/n+n
h. zygote = diploid product of syngamy or karyogamy /spore = haploid product of meiosis / zygospore = in some fungi a heavy structure containing zygotes or spores / conidia = asexual "spores" produced by cloning and differentiating hyphal nuclei

3. myco- fungus gam- marriage angi- vessel (container) a- not karyo- nucleus asco- sac basidio- club

4. [a] Fungi. [b] Protista. [c] Fungi [d] fungi & algae. [e] No, DNA and their absence of cell walls etc.
[f] DNA and other chemistry. [g] bread molds digest first, then absorb; slime molds engulf, then digest
[h] they both appear to be rotting or decomposing stuff; but slime molds may actually be eating other decomposers.
[i] it would fill with twigs and dead leaves first; later all the trees would die because of no minerals in the soil.
[j] zillions of spores everywhere.
[k] The original spore establishes a mycelium which eventually produces sporangia and spores. They hatch and grow only on the un-eaten fringes of the old mycelium. In turn, they produce new spores which can only grow beyond their parents' perimeters. After several episodes of these cycles, you may see either concentric rings or just one active ring surrounding the depleted habitat.
[l] symbiosis: fungi give water & minerals to the algae which photosynthesize food for the fungi
[m]Both involve symbiotic relationships with plants. Some mycorrhizae actually extend into the symbiotic plant's cells; others just surround the plant cells.          [n] A delicious ascocarp traditionally harvested in the wild by trained pigs on leashes. really.

Algae      
Download Lab 6

new
The Incredible Glowing Algae http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Study/glowingalgae/

pigments http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss3/pigments.html

 

Bryophytes     
Download Lab 7

Also check Queens Biodiversity Links

Seedless Vascular Plants & Gymnosperms

Download Lab 8

Seedless Vascular Plants:  F

Gymnosperms     

  At the annual city Arbor Day meeting (2000), Dr. Bill Logan, chairman of the Mecklenburg Treasure Tree Committee, was asked to name the 10 best trees in Charlotte. He named the beautiful Ginkgo tree in front of the Harris House as his #1 best tree in Charlotte. One more thing we have to be proud of!

And since Ginkgo trees are very old, the number of stomata on their fossil leaves can provide clues to the amount of CO2 in the air a very long time ago:  http://www.nature.com/nsu/010517/010517-8.html 

Christmas trees http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/topics/xmastree.htm 

Answers to Lab 8  Quiz "C": 1f  2f  3T  4f    5T   6T   7T  8T  9T  10T  11f    12T  13f  
14f   15f    16T   17f  18f   19T   20T   21f   22f   23t  24f   25TTT

 

                                    

TEST 2 - REVIEW
  • Don't forget the take-home part; instructions are in the yellow box below: 
  • Be prepared to recognize slides and gross specimens and their parts as specified in the lab instructions.    
  • Be prepared to explain the sex lives of just about anything we've studied, no matter how slimy, except for slime molds, which are just too slimy.  And be prepared to label the parts of obscene micrographs.
  • Be prepared to trace the evolution of all the divisions we have studied: know which plant and fungal and algal groups are believed to be descended from which types of ancestors, and be able to discuss the strongest evidence for any of these claims.        
  • Be prepared to explain how our ideas about ancestry affect the various classification systems. Be able to explain the "rules" of  classification, naming, pronunciation, etc.and the underlying principles, philosophy, and reasons for these "rules."
  • Most of the labs have their own review questions which may be recycled on this year's test.     
  • Download an old test (answers are at its end).  Test from 2002.   Test from 2001 without answers, but just FYI
  • you could review with links  above 
  • and review with this optional chart

    TAXON

    (other names?)

    FIELD RECOGNITION (in the Carolinas especially)

    OTHER CHARACTERISTICS

    Bluegreen algae

    (Cyanobacteria)

    very slimy bluish-green pond scum or tint in water. Under water or very wet habitat.

    		  

    Green algae

    (Chlorophyta)

    leaf-green pond scum or leaf-green tint. Under water or very wet habitat.

    		  

    Seaweed

    red or green or brown thallus. Habitat:

    autotrophic

    Diatoms

    (impossible without microscope)

    		  

    Zygomycetes

    without a microscope it is unreasonable for a sophomore to tell which group a fungus is in with these exception:, black bread mold (Z) and mushrooms with caps (B)

    		  

    Ascomycetes

    		  

    Basidiomycetes

    		  

    lichens

     

    		  

    mosses                               

    small "leafy" green plants in damp habitats

    		  

    liverworts

     

    gametophytic dominance,

    hornworts

     

    		  

    ferns

    (                                   )

    		  

    tiny heart-shaped gametophyte,

    other seedless vascular plants = "fern allies"

    usually fern-sized plants with small, primitive leaves; cones

    sporophytic dominance,

    conifers

    (                                  )

    most are trees with needle-shaped leaves; male cones release pollen; female cones produce seeds

    		  

    other "gymnosperms"

    (Ginkgo, Cycad)

    		    

    angiosperms

    (                               ,

                                        )

    trees, shrubs, vines, grasses, or herbs with flowers or fruit

    female gametophyte an 8-nucleate embryo sac within sporangium,

    sporangia or seeds within carpel
  •  
  •  
  • Review life cycles:

    a. Basic concepts like meiosis, haploid, zygote, etc. are explained in almost any textbook and  http://bio.rutgers.edu/~gb101/lab6_protists/index2.htmlhere  

    b. The primitive haploid life history version is found in most freshwater and filamentous algae. It's pretty easy to understand in the algae, like Spirogyra or Oedogonium; and the probability that it will be on test 2 is 99%. If you have questions about them, ask.

    c. The primitive haploid life cycle is modified in the fungi:

    i. The zygomycetes (black break mold, Rhizopus) are coenocytic and produce a bunch of zygotes within a large structure called the zygospore. The probability of this classic slide being on the practical part of test 2 is 95%.

    ii. The basidiomycetes and ascomycetes produce a dikaryotic fruiting body between plasmogamy and karyogamy. The probability of having to identify or explain or otherwise apply the bold-faced terms is 99%. The probability of having to recognize a slide of an ascus or basidium is about 80%.

    d. All the land plants and some seaweeds have alternation of generation.

    i. You should be able to draw the basic alternation of generation life cycle (like for Ulva). (P=99.99%)

    ii. You should be able to tell which structures are involved in which parts of this life cycle in all these groups: mosses and liverworts and hornworts, ferns, other seedless vascular plants, conifers, flowering plants. (several questions in lab part, several in other parts of test)

    iii. Some of the structures would be sporangia, gametophyte, antheridium, archegonium, ovule, pollen grain, etc. You also MUST be able to tell whether each structure is haploid or diploid (or dikaryotic for a fleshy fungus).

    e. Checklist for life cycle terminology: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss6lifehist.html. Except for pupa, nymph, larva, etc., which are animal words, you should be prepared to see any of these on the test.

     

  • TAKE-HOME TEST QUESTION [open book; counts as 25 points on test 2; due Feb 11.]

    typed drafts received by Feb 9 will be marked with suggestions and available to be picked up on Feb. 10. For free!

    Look at the keys in RAB and some other manuals. Make your own key to all the phyla listed below. Design the key so that a Martian just beginning this course could use your key to identify the correct division for any of our lab specimens (in other words, avoid technical terms). The most important rule is that the choices must be arranged in couplets (=pairs) of two (only two) mutually exclusive, observable alternatives. (Note that alternatives are usually morphological characters, but they can be habitats). Both choices of each couplet may begin with identical numerals (or letters) or may be indented to the same column or both. Ideally, the first word of each choice is identical to the alternative choice but different from the first words of couplets immediately preceding and following that couplet.

    Ascomycota                                             Stramenopiles
    Basidiomycota                                          Lycophyta [fern ally]
    Bryophyta                                                Hepatocophyta
    Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria)                    Pteridophyta [ferns]
    Chlorophyta                                              Rhodophyta           
    Pinophyta                                                 Zygomycota

    good example and instructions for dichotomous keys http://www.earthlife.net/insects/orders-key.html

     


 

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