KEY TO TEST 1, 2003 with answers

HELP SESSION: Lab Assistant Adriana DiPietro plans be in the lab early Sunday evening for a help session.  Time:  5:30-7:00? or maybe 6:00-7:30?  Dr. Jann has forgotten the exact time; come at 5:30 and wait (sorry!) or ask Adriana (she lives in South).

ALL TESTS EXPECT YOU TO BE ABLE TO ANSWER, SOMETIMES IN DETAIL, THE QUESTIONS FOUND THROUGHOUT THE TEXTBOOK, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE, not just those assigned at the ends of the chapters but also those associated with textbook pictures and examples.  A good study method is to get your study buddies to read you the questions and to critique your answers.  Review the help pages for the textbook chapters.

ALL TESTS HAVE SEVERAL QUESTIONS BASED ON EXPERIMENT SUMMARIES AND APPLYING TEXTBOOK INFORMATION TO INTERPRETATION OF LAB WORK AND RESEARCH NEWS STORIES. Old tests ask for an "If-then" summary; this is an abbreviated experiment summary which we're not doing this year.   Review lab 1 in detail and review the "what you will need to know" sections from the other labs.  

Summary of major concepts; types of questions to expect are in brackets.  
        "explain cnxns..." is short for "Explain how this concept is connected to or is related to this other thingy."
        "c/c" is short for "compare and contrast" = "show how they are alike and how they are different"

• Science involves the careful use of  logic in the formulation of hypotheses and the testing of predictions by observation. To be useful, hypotheses must be testable and falsifiable. [Demonstrate with summaries of experiments] This method revises and corrects scientific knowledge and ideas. [examples? (Be able to invent or recognize examples)]
• Science cannot prove any truths with perfect certainty [why not? and why does it matter?] Science is limited to questions which can be tested with objective results.  [so which of these can science answer about   androsteenedione (a drug banned in some sports, but not others):  is it a steroid?  does it affect the average athelete's performance?  does it have any side effects which could harm a young athelete's health?  should it be illegal?  is it morally right for a professional baseball hero to use it?  is it a naturally-occurring substance?]  
• Science uses metric units and graphs. [Make sure you can interpret textbook graphs and measurements; you may be asked to draw a graph.  You may need to demonstrate that you understand the metric dimensions of organelles and microscope resolutions.]
• All material substances are made up of elements which cannot themselves be broken down by any chemical means. Elements and all materials are composed of tiny particles called atoms.
• Atoms combine with one another in a variety of ways, all involving electrons. [c/c = compare and contrast] [explain cnxns to most of the following]
• Water, a unique compound, has many physical and chemical properties [list, explain] related to the polar nature of its molecules and their tendency to hydrogen-bond with each other [how?]. [connect to cell structure]
• Acids, bases, and salts are common ionic compounds. Acids yield hydrogen ions when dissolved in water; bases combine with hydrogen ions. [connect to pH, buffers, acid functional groups]
• Carbon atoms combine with each other to form straight, branching, and ring-like chains. [cnxn to electrons & bonds?]
• Carbohydrates are molecules built of sugars. [recognize diagrams; explain functions]
• Lipids are high-energy [why?] fat-like substances, usually composed of fatty acids [recognize diagrams] and sometimes other stuff.   Phospholipids comprise the bilayer of cellular membranes [explain structure/function connection].
• Steroids (lipids with rings) often function as hormones. [their structure explains their ability to ....?]
• Proteins [recognize diagrams] are macromolecules consisting of specific sequences of linked amino acid [recognize] units. The sequence of the amino acids determines the shape and, thereby, the function of the protein. Some proteins are enzymes which regulate the body's chemical metabolism.
• The properties of water and the temperature of our planet are consistent with the hypothesis that biological molecules could have evolved from smaller inorganic molecules.  [explain in detail].
• The properties of the biological molecules are consistent with the hypothesis that the first cells could have evolved from phospholipid micelles surrounding RNA.  [explain in detail]  
• Living systems consist of cells. [Be able to recognize the parts of cells from pictures and from function descriptions.]
• Cells must usually be viewed by microscope or studied by indirect chemical or physical analysis. [So, does this review describe truth, facts, proofs, hypotheses, laws? whatttt?] Electron microscopes have superior resolving power at higher magnifications [how? c/c. sizes], but cannot show color or be used with live cells. [why?]
• Each eukaryotic cell is controlled by its nucleus. [how? connect to DNA etc.]
• Eukaryotes have nuclear membranes; prokaryotes, which existed at least a billion years earlier, have no nuclear membranes and usually no other organelles with membranes. [so how are they controlled?]
• Mitochondria of eukaryotic cells release energy from the C-H covalent bonds of fragments of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids. 
• Plants, most fungi, and many prokaryotes have a cell wall made of polysaccharides. Plants have chloroplasts for photosynthesis. Rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes for protein synthesis. Smooth ER metabolizes lipids. Golgi bodies package substances for some other organelles and for secretion. The cytoskeleton has microtubules and microfilaments for structure and for movement of the cell and its parts. [connect in detail!! Recognize pictures]
• The hydrophobic portions of proteins may be embedded in membranes. [how? so....?]

FORMAT OF THE TEST FOR 2003:

1. 33 POINTS:  MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (several dozen or so) based on micrographs, structural formulas, vocabulary, and concepts from the textbook and the lab.
2. 33 POINTS:  WRITTEN QUESTIONS:
   • 18 POINTS FOR the take-home section
   • 15 points for three short-answer questions, like "explain the difference between a covalent and ionic bond."
3. 33 POINTS for doubling either #1 or #2 above, whichever is higher.
4. 1 point if you remember to sign the Honor Code on the take-home part.

TAKE-HOME QUESTION FOR 2003:
Use the summary form to summarize the pulse-chase experiment of endomembrane function as described on textbook pp. 97b-99a and/or CD Activity 5.2 Pulse-Chase Experiment.  You may bring your print-out to the test (some multiple choice questions refer to the experiment).  If you also email your form, your paper will be among the first to be graded. The take-home part must be your own work; no collaborating or assisting is allowed except from lab assistants or the learning center tutors.  Write the honor pledge on your summary form.

HELP SESSION: Lab Assistant Adriana DiPietro plans be in the lab early Sunday evening for a help session.  Time:  5:30-7:00? or maybe 6:00-7:30?  Dr. Jann has forgotten the exact time; come at 5:30 and wait (sorry!) or ask Adriana (she lives in South).