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| INTRODUCTION. Scientific ID keys usually give you two mutually-exclusive
choices. Once you pick from the first pair of choices, you get another pair of
mutually-exclusive questions, which may lead to other pairs of choice, which .... until
you finally ID the critter (if you're lucky). The guide may not work if you skip around
out of sequence. Start with these questions and click on your choice. |
I think I know how scientific ID keys work and I'm ready to try to
ID a real critter. |
I'd like more explanation. I'll click on the link below; then I'll
come back to this page later.
More
on how to use an ID Key |
| First, you have to figure out whether
it's really alive. |
Is it brownish stuff without sharp or distinct edges? It's probably
just rotting leaves or other detritus (=dead stuff or maybe fecal
matter).
Do not count detritus as a critter, but record a note for later reference, because the
quantity of detritus affects the types of zooplankton in the food chain.
Also, look closely to see if you can find small critters within the
detritus, like in this picture. Don't tabulate anything which is not alive or
anything smaller than .05 mm (Do not tabulate
anything which looks about like a dot at
the lowest power on your microscope or if its longest part
is less than half the distance across the 0.1 mm gauge in
this picture).
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Or does it seem to have definite boundaries along its outside surface?
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Definite boundaries: Are the
boundaries jagged and irregular? Iirregularly-shaped pieces are probably silt or sand or
rock bits or fragments of something dead.
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Or are the boundaries in a smooth geometric shape, like an oval or a box
or a worm or a thread?
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Is it an almost-perfect circle with a very heavy
black rim but mostly clear inside? Like these five
circles? Yes.
sorry, but if you said yes, it's a bubble.
black-rimmed circle with no guts inside: Not alive
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Does it have a front end which seems to seek
food?
Is it moving by itself?
(Maybe NOT if it is just shrinking or being swept along as water on your slide
changes.)
Do you really think it's alive ??? Yes, it looks like an animal |
No it's not
moving by itself and definitely not looking for food. Then
it's probably not an animal, but maybe it's algae
(=phytoplankton). |
Maybe
it's an animal.
Does it seem to have a digestive tract OR real legs OR
more than one cell? YES? Then you probably want to figure out what kind of animal it is. |
NO,
it's only one cell without a multicellular gut.
Then maybe it's a protozoan, a
one-celled animal-like critter.
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Does it
have swirling "vacuum cleaner"
parts at its front end? (lower right in this
picture) YES
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No vacuum cleaner?
- Then is it shaped
sort of like a worm?
- Not like a worm,
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Rotifers (they look like vacuum
cleaners) are commonly found in good water samples. Notice
that this animal, although very tiny, is made up of many
cells. If you have something with a vacuum-cleaner
attachment, but it's only one cell, you probably do not have a
rotifer, but instead a type of Protozoan like Vorticella
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- Maybe it's really a worm. Is
it green?
- Yes.
Green things are usually not worms, but algae.
- NO, it's not green.
Then is it divided into segments or rings or
disks, like an earthworm?
- NO, no
divisions, it's smooth and snaky or ribbon-like
- YES, it's ridged or segmented
Then does it have legs with joints,
sort of like a caterpillar?
- Segmented worms with no legs or
only minimal stubs, are annelids, like earthworms.
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Flatworms.
We haven't found many
in our samples, but
they're more common
when your samples are
collected by scraping
gunk off of rocks or
dead wood.
use your
"back button"
to return to this ID key
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- CRUSTACEANS, including Arthropods
(bug-like things with
jointed legs). Is it shaped sort of like a
rounded and flattened clam, like these? NO
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YES. Then is it transparent
or opaque?
Cladocerans
(like the "water flea"
Daphnia at the top)
Ostracods (the two
below
the Daphnia in the top picture)
look like more like
tiny clams
with lots of legs
which suddenly poke out)
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- Is it like this Copepod (2 "antennae" in the front, 2 tails at the rear)?
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- Yes, then maybe it really is a copepod
- No, then does it have 8 legs?
- Yes, Spiders and mites and ticks (all have 8 legs)
and we sometimes find them, especially little
ones
- No, not 8 legs. Well then, how
many legs?
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- Amphipods (like tiny shrimp)
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Mosquito larvae (right)
are very common.
They seem huge
in microscopes.
(below)
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Some insect larvae
have cocoons.
This one may be
a caddisfly
or one of its
relatives.
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- Other animals we have seen in our
creek samples
- mussels and clams (freshwater)
- Minnows and baby fish
- tadpoles (larval frogs)
- snails
- creek monsters-->
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| Protozoa. "Animals"
with only one cell are called Protozoans. Some
protozoa are green, usually because they have eaten algae. Small
animals like rotifers and
copepods are sometimes mistaken for protozoa. Some algae
look or act like protozoa. |
- Blob-shaped, with shape changing radically as it
moves: Amoebas are usually blob-shaped and move slowly, oozing into different shapes
video
- Not blob-shaped, more symmetrical
and rounded, with only parts of the shape changing
- with one or two "propellars": Flagellates
have one or two whip-like flagella which may cause them to move
fast: movie:
- with many tiny "propellars": Ciliates
have many short whip-like hairy cilia which move them or sometimes
sweep food towards them. Cilia are sometimes too
small to see unless your microscope is on its highest power
and then the critter is moving so fast you have a hard time
"catching" it. Some examples of ciliates are
listed below:
- .
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| One type of ciliate is the paramecium and similar egg-shaped or rounded swimming
things |
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| Videos:
1 2
3
4
6 |
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| Another type of ciliate is called Vorticella. It is shaped like a fringed
funnel with a spring at its base. video |
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- Stentor is
similar.
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A relative looks like a microscopic tree with a bell at the
end of each branch..
- MORE
CILIATEs
use your
"back button" to return to this ID key
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If you haven't found your protozoan, it's ok. But
you could check a book about protozoa or try our protozoa links to find out which kind it is.
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| Maybe it's algae. |
| Does it seem to have definite boundaries along its outside
surface? YES |
No |
Is it sort of geometrical or
symmetrical,
meaning its right side is almost a mirror image of its left or its top is almost like its
bottom? YES |
No |
| Is it an almost-perfect circle with a very heavy black rim
but mostly clear inside? NO |
Yes.
sorry, but if you said yes, it's not algae |
ALGAE,
probably: It's beginning to look like you really have algae. Because they
make their own food by photosynthesis, the algae are the live base of the food chain,
eaten by protozoa and animals. If you want to know what type of algae, keep
going:
- Is it
- PROKARYOTIC (without
internal organelles visible) or
- EUKARYOTIC
- unicellular (one-celled) or
- multicellular
- In a rounded colony or
- In a long filament
- Bright leaf-colored green
or
- red or purple or blue or colorless:
These are
dead fibers from decayed leaves or sometimes
from people's sweaters. They don't count
as
critters, but they might be important
indications
of environmental conditions; so you could
make a note of them.
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Cyanobacteria or
blue-green "algae" are
photosynthetic prokaryotes with a blue-green tint.
They form a slimy scum on the top of ponds which have been
contaminated with too much fertilizer or sewage.
Zooplankton can't bite through the slime, and other
phytoplankton can't compete with them when phosphates are
high and nitrates are low in the water. |
| Diatoms (eukaryotic) are
usually identified by their golden color and glassy
shell. Some water samples are
filled with the empty glass shells of dead diatoms.
Diatoms do have photosynthesis and chlorophyll.
They're edible for some zooplankton.
Is your specimen gold (diatoms)
or green (maybe desmids)? |
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| more diatom
pictures |
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Desmids usually are very large (for
one cell) and with unusual designs inside.
more desmid
pictures
Is your specimen like these?
- Yes. Then you know.
- NO; if it's green but without the
fancy designs, maybe it's another kind. Try the green
algae
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Green algae are
usually the most important good algae in relatively clean
creeks and ponds. Some are unicellular, but others are
either
- colonies or
- filaments, like this picture-->
Notice that even though some cells
cells are small, they're obviously
eukaryotic
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This filamentous green alga is Spirogyra, one
of the best-known algae. The spiral is a huge but
strange chloroplast. A local but
nationally-known jazz group named themselves after this
species of pond scum.
more spirogyra
pictures
use your
"back button"
to return to this ID key |
Here are a few algae which form a colony
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If you didn't find your algae, it's ok, but
you might try our algae links
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| Dead: Don't tabulate anything
which is not alive: |
| Bubbles. Bubbles of air
and oil are sort of embarrassing when your lab instructor identifies them for you. |
Find a real critter and try
again Don't tabulate anything which is not alive, but you can record it
in the "notes" column |
| Detritus: fragments of dead
stuff, possibly partially digested |
| Silt (bits of rock) and anything else not alive |
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