BIOLOGY CRITTER ID            

A KEY FOR MICROSCOPIC CREEK LIFE

 

  NOTE:  Do not try to print this webpage.  It works correctly only on a computer.

 

 

INTRODUCTION.  Scientific ID keys usually give you two mutually-exclusive choices.  Once you pick from the first pair of choices, you get another pair of mutually-exclusive questions, which may lead to other pairs of choice, which .... until you finally ID the critter (if you're lucky). The guide may not work if you skip around out of sequence. Start with these questions and click on your choice.
I think I know how scientific ID keys work and I'm ready to try to
ID a real critter. 
I'd like more explanation.  I'll click on the link below; then I'll come back to this page later.
More on how to use an ID Key
First, you have to figure out whether it's really alive.  
Is it brownish stuff without sharp or distinct edges?  It's probably just rotting leaves or other detritus (=dead stuff or maybe fecal matter). 
Do not count detritus as a critter, but record a note for later reference, because the quantity of detritus affects the types of zooplankton in the food chain. 
Also, look closely to see if you can find small critters within the detritus, like in this picture.  Don't tabulate anything which is not alive or anything smaller than .05 mm (Do not tabulate anything which looks about like a dot at the lowest power on your microscope or if its longest part is  less than half the distance across the 0.1 mm gauge in this picture).
Detritus:  Find a real critter and try again
Or does it seem to have definite boundaries along its outside surface?  

 

Definite boundaries

 

Definite boundaries:   Are the boundaries jagged and irregular? Iirregularly-shaped pieces are probably silt or sand or rock bits or fragments of something dead. 
boundaries jagged, not smooth: 
Not alive
Or are the boundaries in a smooth geometric shape, like an oval or a box or a worm or a thread?

 

geometrical: 

Is it an almost-perfect circle with a very heavy black rim but mostly clear inside?   Like these five circles? Yes
sorry, but if you said yes, it's a bubble.   black-rimmed circle with no guts inside:   Not alive
 
   NO, it doesn't have a heavy black rim but it looks like it's got guts or biological  parts inside
Maybe you really have a critter
 
 I just want to start over
Does it have a front end which seems to seek food?  
Is it moving by itself?
(Maybe NOT if it is just shrinking or being swept along as water on your slide changes.)  
Do you really think it's alive ???

   Yes, it looks like an animal

No it's not moving by itself and definitely not looking for food.  Then it's probably not an animal, but maybe it's algae (=phytoplankton).

 

Maybe it's an animal.
Does it seem to have a digestive tract OR real legs OR more than one cell?  YES?  Then you probably want to figure out what kind of animal it is.
   NO, it's only one cell without a multicellular gut.

Then maybe it's a protozoan, a one-celled animal-like critter.

     

Does it have swirling "vacuum cleaner
parts at its front end?  (lower right in this picture)    YES

 

No vacuum cleaner?  

Rotifers (they look like vacuum cleaners) are commonly found in good water samples.  Notice that this animal, although very tiny, is made up of many cells.  If you have something with a vacuum-cleaner attachment, but it's only one cell, you probably do not have a rotifer, but instead a type of Protozoan like Vorticella

 

  • Maybe it's really a worm.  Is it green?
    • Yes.  Green things are usually not worms, but algae.
    • NO, it's not green.  
      Then is it divided into segments or rings or disks, like an earthworm?
      • NO, no divisions, it's smooth and snaky or ribbon-like
      • YES, it's ridged or segmented
        Then does it have legs with joints, 
        sort of like a caterpillar?

                                 
           I just want to start over

  • Segmented worms with no legs or only minimal stubs, are annelids, like earthworms.
    •  video (Aeolosoma)   
    • videos of another type (Chaetogastus)  use your "back button" to return to this ID key

 

Flatworms.  
We haven't found many
in our samples, but  
they're more common 
when your samples are
collected by scraping
gunk off of rocks or 
dead wood.

use your "back button" 
to return to this ID key

  • CRUSTACEANS, including Arthropods (bug-like things with jointed legs). Is it shaped sort of like a 
    rounded and flattened clam, like these?    NO

YES.  Then is it transparent  
                     or opaque?

Cladocerans  
(like the "water flea" Daphnia at the top) 

Ostracods (the two below 
the Daphnia in the top picture)
look like more like
tiny clams  
with lots of legs 
which suddenly poke out)

  • Is it like this Copepod (2 "antennae" in the front, 2 tails at the rear)?   
    • Yes, then maybe it really is a copepod
    • No, then does it have 8 legs?
      • Yes, Spiders and mites and ticks (all have 8 legs)
        and we sometimes find them, especially little ones
      • No, not 8 legs.  Well then, how many legs?

     

  • Amphipods (like tiny shrimp)
  •  I just want to start over
Mosquito larvae (right)
are very common.
They seem huge
in microscopes.

(below)

 

Some insect larvae
have cocoons.

This one may be
a caddisfly
or one of its
relatives.

 

 
  • Other animals we have seen in our creek samples
  • mussels and clams (freshwater)
  • Minnows and baby fish
  • tadpoles (larval frogs)
  • snails
  • creek monsters-->
  •  I just want to start over


Protozoa. "Animals" with only one cell are called Protozoans.  Some protozoa are green, usually because they have eaten algae.  Small animals like rotifers and copepods are sometimes mistaken for protozoa.  Some algae look or act like protozoa.
  • Blob-shaped, with shape changing radically as it moves:  Amoebas are usually blob-shaped and move slowly, oozing into different shapes   video  
  • Not blob-shaped, more symmetrical and rounded, with only parts of the shape changing
    • with one or two "propellars":  Flagellates have one or two whip-like flagella which may cause them to move fast:  movie:    
    • with many tiny "propellars":  Ciliates have many short whip-like hairy cilia which move them or sometimes sweep food towards them.   Cilia are sometimes too small to see unless your microscope is on its highest power and then the critter is moving so fast you have a hard time "catching" it.  Some examples of ciliates are listed below:
      • One type of ciliate is the paramecium and similar egg-shaped or rounded swimming things
        Videos:  1   2         
      •  
      • Another type of ciliate is called Vorticella.  It is shaped like a fringed funnel with a spring at its base. video
        • Stentor is similar.
        • A relative looks like a microscopic tree with a bell at the end of each branch.. 
        • MORE CILIATEs  
          use your "back button" to return to this ID key

If you haven't found your protozoan, it's ok.  But you could check a book about protozoa or try our protozoa links to find out which kind it is. 

 I just want to start over


Maybe it's algae
Does it seem to have definite boundaries along its outside surface?    YES     No
Is it sort of geometrical or symmetrical,
meaning its right side is almost a mirror image of its left or its top is almost like its bottom?  YES
    No
Is it an almost-perfect circle with a very heavy black rim but mostly clear inside?  NO Yes
sorry, but if you said yes, it's not algae
ALGAE, probably:  It's beginning to look like you really have algae.  Because they make their own food by photosynthesis, the algae are the live base of the food chain, eaten by protozoa and  animals.  If you want to know what type of algae, keep going:
  • Is it
    • PROKARYOTIC (without internal organelles visible) or
    • EUKARYOTIC
      • unicellular (one-celled) or
      • multicellular 
        • In a rounded colony  or
        • In a long filament
          • Bright leaf-colored green  or
          • red or purple or blue or colorless:  These are 
            dead fibers from decayed leaves or sometimes
            from people's sweaters.  They don't count as
            critters, but they might be important indications
            of environmental conditions; so you could
            make a note of them.

 
Cyanobacteria or blue-green "algae" are photosynthetic prokaryotes with a blue-green tint.  They form a slimy scum on the top of ponds which have been contaminated with too much fertilizer or sewage.   Zooplankton can't bite through the slime, and other phytoplankton can't compete with them when phosphates are high and nitrates are low in the water.     
Diatoms (eukaryotic) are usually identified by their golden color and glassy shell.   Some water samples are filled with the empty glass shells of dead diatoms.  Diatoms do have photosynthesis and chlorophyll.  They're edible for some zooplankton.

Is your specimen gold (diatoms)
or green (maybe desmids)?

more diatom pictures   
 

Desmids usually are very large (for one cell) and with unusual designs inside. 

more desmid pictures

Is your specimen like these?

  • Yes.  Then you know.
  • NO; if it's green but without the fancy designs, maybe it's another kind.  Try the green algae
Green algae are usually the most important good algae in relatively clean creeks and ponds.  Some are unicellular, but others are either
  • colonies or
  • filaments, like this picture-->
    Notice that even though some cells
    cells are small, they're obviously eukaryotic
This filamentous green alga is Spirogyra, one of the best-known algae.  The spiral is a huge but strange chloroplast.  A local but nationally-known jazz group named themselves after this species of pond scum.  

more spirogyra pictures

use your "back button" 
to return to this ID key

Here are a few algae which form a colony

If you didn't find your algae, it's ok, but you might try our algae links
 I just want to start over

 

 
Dead: Don't tabulate anything which is not alive:
Bubbles.  Bubbles of air and oil are sort of embarrassing when your lab instructor identifies them for you. Find a real critter and try again

Don't tabulate anything which is not alive, but you can record it in the "notes" column

Detritus:  fragments of dead stuff, possibly partially digested
Silt  (bits of rock) and anything else not alive

  poop

                                    


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Last updated 9 Sept 2002 
jannr@queens.edu
  
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