most important concept
polymers <-- ---> monomers
complex carbohydrates <---> sugars |
| fats (lipids) <---> fatty acids |
| proteins <----> amino acids |
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|
TEXTBOOK,
the most important parts :
Wed.
Fri.
Internet Links
lecture preview
BIO 103 HOME PAGE
Microsoft WORD version of the table |
GOAL for the week: FINISH THE TABLE BELOW (except for the last column, which
we'll use for Chapter 11 ff. later) AND THEN LEARN EVERYTHING ON THE
TABLE.
download WORD version of the
table
The structural diagrams are particularly important for understanding how the
similarities and differences in the structures and for practicing being able to identify
quiz/test pictures as lipids or amino acids or polysaccharides, etc. You do not have
to know which amino acid or monosaccharide it is, just that it is, for
example, an animo acid and therefore one of the monomers of a polypeptide, which may
function as an enzyme or .... In other words, you must really know the chart above.
The main info you are required to master is whatever is
required to fill out and understand the chart above.
|
| NOTE: This study
guide is designed to be used with a live computer.
It will be accessible all semester. Making a
print-out is not recommended, but it's not forbidden.
It's better to "cut and paste"
the parts you want to review into your own personally
re-organized set of notes in your own computer files. |
|
| CATEGORY |
CARBOHYDRATE |
LIPID |
PROTEIN |
NUCLEIC ACIDS |
TYPICAL FUNCTIONS
(jobs, why we need them, etc.) |
|
|
|
Genetic info |
| MONOMER NAMES |
|
fatty acids |
amino acids |
Nucleotides (base+sugar+Pi) |
FUNCTIONAL
GROUP STRUCTURE
(see text table2.1) |
|
|
|
Later |
| TYPICAL MONOMER STRUCTURE |
|
|
|
Later |
| POLYMER NAME |
|
|
protein, polypeptide |
DNA, RNA |
| TYPICAL POLYMER STRUCTURE |
chains of hexagons: |
|
|
Later |
| OTHER CLUES |
n (CH2O) |
n(CH2) |
peptide linkages |
Later |
| How the structure helps to explain the
function |
|
|
|
Later |
|
|
click here to download a Microsoft WORD version of
the table
MAIN POINTS FROM THE TEXTBOOK
- For WEDNESDAY: Overview of
molecules
- NOTE: For now, we're using only selected tidbits
from chapter 3; so reading it from beginning to end is NOT
recommended. Again, the textbook author has put the
facts in the interesting context of the chemical
evolution hypothesis. But this story is only one
application of the basic biochemical facts in this
chapter. Two important applications we will explore
are
- the roles of these molecules in the cell (starting
with the next chapter), and
- the nutritional implications,
some of which we'll explore in class and lab, and
others which you may choose to pursue on your
own.
- You may want to scan the "story" at the
beginning of chapter 3, pp. 40-44, but you won't be tested
on the details.
- Start with CD Activity
3.2 Condensation and Hydrolysis Reactions
- the links are messed up on the textbook website; go
directly to these:
- On p. 44 look at the first few paragraphs of
"building blocks of macromolecules" and just
scan the headings on pp 44-51:
- Your own table calls
"building blocks" monomers, and
"macromolecules" polymers (like the
CD).
- A functional group is a clue to the identity of a
molecule and important in understanding how some molecules
work. Go back to table 2.1. p. 33, and copy these functional
groups into the functional groups row of
your own table::
- aldehyde (carbonyl) for the carbohydrate column
- carboxyl for the lipid column
- amino and carboxyl for the protein column
- try to fill in these rows on your own table::
monomer name, typical monomer structure, polymer
name, typical polymer structure. The
first quiz will be "open table." The QUIZ
and future tests will have
diagrams of structural formulas like those on the
figures below, which usually include the
functional groups. You will have to
identify like this:
..... [a] amino acid. [b] fatty acid. [c]
lipid. [d] monosaccharide.
[e] none of the above
For extra help on your own table, check out these diagrams:
- Checklist of terms: monomer, polymer,
polymerization, condensation, hydrolysis, amino acid,
R-group, amino functional group, aldehyde, carboxyl
functional group, acid, base, fatty acid,
monosaccharide, polysaccharide, carbohydrates, lipid,
protein, polypeptide, peptide linkage, nucleotide, nucleic
acid, building block, macromolecule
- Preview of Test & Quiz Questions:
- How are all cell molecules alike?
- Why does the table above have only four columns?
- What always connects monomers into polymers? (fig.
3.7 & fig. 3.8 a) (CD Activity
3.2 Condensation and Hydrolysis Reactions)
- What always "digests" monomers from
polymers? (fig. 3.8 b)
- What are the monomers of carbohydrates?
proteins? lipids? DNA?
- How are all carbohydrates alike? How are all
acids alike? How are all organic acids
alike? How are all lipids alike?
- p. 45: How are all amino acids alike?
and how do they differ from each other?
- For FRIDAY: Protein Details
and finishing the table
- pp. 51-2; table 2.1 and 3.2; figs.3.3, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11 PROTEINS: Why do we
need them and how do their structures help make them
work? What part of the amino acids determine the
secondary and tertiary structures of proteins? How
does this connect to what you learned in chapter 2?
- Finish the table if you
can. Ask for help if you need it.
- Skim pp. 40-44 and the chapter summary of p.
67.
- Try to get at Freeman's main points by writing a
hypothesis.
- Then at least imagine writing an experiment
summary for Miller's classic experiment and
for at least one additional experiment for a
chemical evolution hypothesis.
- If you're interested in this topic, read parts of
the chapter not assigned. Overall, would you
rate the evidence that Freeman presents as weak or
strong or somewhere in between? Can you give
some arguments to support your rating?
- checklist of terms: R-group, peptide bond,
polypeptide, protein, primary structure, secondary
structure, alpha-helix, beta-pleated sheet, tertiary
structure, quaternary structure, catalyst, enzyme,
hydrophobic, hydrophilic, N-terminus,
C-terminus, reduced atmosphere,
oxidized atmosphere, prebiotic soup, Miller
spark-discharge experiment
- Preview of Test & Quiz Questions:
- Write an experiment summary
for
the Miller spark-discharge experiment
- The QUIZZES etc. will have
diagrams of structural formulas like those on the
figures above. You will have to
identify like this:
..... [a] amino acid. [b] fatty acid. [c]
lipid. [d] monosaccharide.
[e]
none of the above
and also there will be other questions based on the table
above.
| polymers
<-- ---> monomers The structure and arrangements of
monomers provide the function of the polymers. When the amino acid
sequence of a protein changes, the secondary and tertiary and quaternary shapes of the
protein also change, altering the protein's ability to do its job. |
|
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INTERNET
LINKS
(optional)
- WEB sites for class demonstrations
3-5 Sept.:
many of these require a CHIME plug-in. If this plug-in
software has not already been installed on your computer, most web sites which require it
will link to the download site. After you download CHIME, you have to re-boot and
then click on it in the "MY COMPUTER" window to install it. The whole
process usually takes about 10 minutes.
- Review: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/index.htm
[click on "nutrients"] (this review does not include the details required to
make an A; it’s just for making sure you understand the basics)
- MAKE SURE:
- News stories:
- Reliable Sources for Nutrition and other Health Info
 |
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